The scales, linked to four types of pangolin in Africa, would have together come from 38,000 pangolins.
The latest shipment was found on April 8 in a shipping container on its way from Nigeria to Vietnam which was labelled as cassia seeds, a statement from the National Parks Board, Singapore Customs and the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority said on Wednesday.
The scales were packed into 474 bags.
On April 3, Singapore authorities discovered 12.9 tonnes of scales, shipped as frozen beef, hidden in another container on its way from Nigeria to Vietnam.
That shipment also included 177kg of cut up and carved elephant ivory, said the authorities.
The sheer size of these two latest seizures is unprecedented and will undoubtedly prove a major setback to the traffickers concerned, said Richard Thomas of Traffic, which monitors the illegal trade in wildlife.
But he warned the seizures would not put the traffickers out of business.
The quantities of pangolins involved point to sourcing, processing and distribution on an industrial scale, said Thomas.
The pangolin, once common across Asia and Africa, is a shy and largely nocturnal type of anteater that rolls up into a ball when it feels threatened. It is protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, as well as under national laws.
It is said to be the most widely trafficked mammal in the world, with the keratin scales that cover its body touted as a cure in traditional medicines in Asia. Keratin is the same material as human fingernails.
Wildlife groups are concerned pangolin poaching is increasing.
The World Health Organization recently endorsed traditional medicine and the industry appears keen to grow this market outside of China, Vietnam and beyond, said Neil D'Cruze, the global wildlife adviser at the World Animal Protection.
This is an alarming move for some wildlife species such as pangolins as it poses a real conservation and animal welfare threat.
Pangolins can be a lucrative catch for rural communities, with poachers making the equivalent of a full year's salary from catching a single pangolin, said D'Cruze.
The traffickers who act as middlemen also make substantial profits from the trade that's reaching more remote communities to hunt the animal, he added.
The maximum penalty in Singapore for the illegal import, export and re-export of wildlife is a fine of up to $500,000 and/or a prison term of two years. The same penalties apply to transhipment of illegal wildlife species.
In February, Malaysia uncovered a pangolin-trafficking ring in its Borneo state of Sabah, recording the country's biggest haul of pangolin and pangolin products.
In the same month, Hong Kong also intercepted an illegal shipment of ivory tusks and pangolin scales, which was on its way to Vietnam.
Pangolins or scaly anteaters are mammals of the order Pholidota or horny scale. The one extant family, Manidae, has three genera: Manis, which comprises four species living in Asia; Phataginus, which comprises two species living in Africa; and Smutsia, which comprises two species also living in Africa.
These species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). A number of extinct pangolin species are also known.
Pangolins have large, protective keratin scales covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this feature. They live in hollow trees or burrows, depending on the species.
Pangolins are nocturnal, and their diet consists of mainly ants and termites, which they capture using their long tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which are raised for about two years.
Pangolins are threatened by poaching for their meat and scales and heavy deforestation of their natural habitats, and are the most trafficked mammals in the world.
Of the eight species of pangolin, four - Phataginus tetradactyla, P. tricuspis, Smutsia gigantea, and S. temminckii are listed as vulnerable.
Two - Manis crassicaudata and M. culionensis are listed as endangered, and two - M. pentadactyla and M. javanica are listed as critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species.
They are made of keratin, the same material from which human fingernails and tetrapod claws are made, and are structurally and compositionally very different from the scales of reptiles. The pangolin's scaled body is comparable in appearance to a pine cone.
It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting as armor, while it protects its face by tucking it under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defense from predators.
Pangolins can emit a noxious-smelling chemical from glands near the anus, similar to the spray of a skunk. They have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into ant and termite mounds, and climbing.
The tongues of pangolins are extremely long and like those of the giant anteater and the tube lipped nectar bat the root of the tongue is not attached to the hyoid bone, but is in the thorax between the sternum and the trachea.
Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 cm (400 mm; 16 in), with a diameter of only 0.5 cm (5.0 mm; 0.20 in; 200 thou).
Most pangolins are nocturnal animals that use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The long-tailed pangolin is also active by day, while other species of pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball. They are considered to be shy and secretive creatures.
Arboreal pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground-dwelling species dig tunnels underground, to a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft).
Some pangolins walk with their front claws bent under the foot pad, although they use the entire foot pad on their rear limbs. Furthermore, some exhibit a bipedal stance for some behaviour and may walk a few steps bipedally. Pangolins are also good swimmers.
Pangolins are insectivorous. Most of their diet consists of various species of ants and termites and may be supplemented by other insects, especially larvae. They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available to them.
A pangolin can consume 140 to 200 g (4.9 to 7.1 oz) of insects per day. Pangolins are an important regulator of termite populations in their natural habitats.
Pangolins have a very poor sense of vision, so they rely heavily on smell and hearing. Pangolins also lack teeth, therefore they have evolved other physical characteristics to help them eat ants and termites.
Their skeletal structure is sturdy and they have strong front legs that are useful for tearing into termite mounds. They use their powerful front claws to dig into trees, ground, and vegetation to find prey, then proceed to use their long tongues to probe inside the insect tunnels and to retrieve their prey.
The structure of their tongue and stomach is key to aiding pangolins in obtaining and digesting insects. Their saliva is sticky, causing ants and termites to stick to their long tongues when they are hunting through insect tunnels.
Without teeth, pangolins also lack the ability to chew; however, while foraging, they ingest small stones or gastroliths which accumulate in their stomachs to help to grind up ants.
This part of their stomach is called the gizzard, and it is also covered in keratinous spines. These spines further aid in the grinding up and digestion of the pangolin's prey.
Some species, such as the tree pangolin, use their strong, prehensile tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside.
Pangolins are solitary and meet only to mate. Males are larger than females, weighing up to 40% more. While the mating season is not defined, they typically mate once each year, usually during the summer or autumn.
Rather than the males seeking out the females, males mark their location with urine or feces and the females will find them. If there is competition over a female, the males will use their tails as clubs to fight for the opportunity to mate with her.
Gestation periods differ by species, ranging from roughly 70 to 140 days.
African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the Asiatic species may give birth from one to three. Weight at birth is 80 to 450 g (2.8 to 15.9 oz) and the average length is 150 mm (5.9 in). At the time of birth, the scales are soft and white.
After several days, they harden and darken to resemble those of an adult pangolin. During the vulnerable stage, the mother stays with her offspring in the burrow, nursing it, and wraps her body around it if she senses danger.
The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first two to four weeks of life. At one month, they first leave the burrow riding on the mother's back.
Weaning takes place around three months of age, at which stage the young begin to eat insects in addition to nursing. At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother.
Pangolins are hunted and eaten in many parts of Africa and are one of the more popular types of bush meat, while local healers use the pangolin as a source of traditional medicine.
They are also in great demand in southern China and Vietnam because their meat is considered a delicacy and some believe that pangolin scales have medicinal qualities. 100,000 are estimated to be trafficked a year to China and Vietnam, amounting to over one million over the past decade.
This makes it the most trafficked animal in the world. This, coupled with deforestation, has led to a large decrease in the numbers of pangolins.
Some species, such as Manis pentadactyla have become commercially extinct in certain ranges as a result of overhunting. In November 2010, pangolins were added to the Zoological Society of London's list of evolutionarily distinct and endangered mammals.
All eight species of pangolin are classified by the IUCN as threatened with extinction, while two are classified as critically endangered.
All pangolin species are currently listed under Appendix I of CITES which prohibits international trade, except when the product is intended for non-commercial purposes and a permit has been granted.
Though pangolins are protected by an international ban on their trade, populations have suffered from illegal trafficking due to beliefs in East Asia that their ground-up scales can stimulate lactation or cure cancer or asthma.
In the past decade, numerous seizures of illegally trafficked pangolin and pangolin meat have taken place in Asia. In one such incident in April 2013, 10,000 kg (11 short tons) of pangolin meat were seized from a Chinese vessel that ran aground in the Philippines.
In another case in August 2016, an Indonesian man was arrested after police raided his home and found over 650 pangolins in freezers on his property. The same threat is reported in many countries in Africa, especially Nigeria, where the animal is on the verge of extinction due to over exploitation.
The over exploitation comes from hunting pangolins for game meat and the reduction of their forest habitats due to deforestation caused by timber harvesting. The pangolin are hunted as game meat for both medicinal purposes and food consumption.
As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years.
For example, in 2014, the IUCN re-categorized all eight species of pangolin on its Red List of Threatened Species, and each species is now listed as being threatened with extinction.
Also, the IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed Scaling up Pangolin Conservation in July 2014. This action plan aims to improve all aspects of pangolin conservation with an added emphasis on combating poaching and trafficking of the animal, while educating communities in its importance.
Another suggested approach to fighting pangolin and general wildlife trafficking consists in following the money rather than the animal, which aims to disrupt smugglers' profits by interrupting money flows.
Financial intelligence gathering could thus become a key tool in protecting these animals, although this opportunity is often overlooked. In 2018, a Chinese NGO launched the Counting Pangolins movement, calling for joint efforts to save the mammals from trafficking.
Wildlife conservation group TRAFFIC has indentified 159 smuggling routes used by pangolin traffickers and aims to shut these down.
Many attempts have been made to reproduce pangolins in captivity, but due to their reliance on wide-ranging habitats and very particular diets, these attempts are often unsuccessful. Pangolins have significantly decreased immune responses due to a genetic dysfunction, making them extremely fragile.
They are susceptible to diseases such as pneumonia and the development of ulcers in captivity, complications which can lead to an early death.
In addition, pangolins rescued from illegal trade often have a higher chance of being infected with parasites such as intestinal worms, further lessening their chance for rehabilitation and reintroduction to the wild.
Researchers have been able to improve artificial pangolin habitats to allow for reproduction of pangolins, providing some hope for future reintroduction of these species into their natural habitats. The third Saturday in February is promoted as World Pangolin Day by the conservation NPO Annamiticus.
In 2017, Jackie Chan made a public service announcement called WildAid: Jackie Chan & Pangolins (Kung Fu Pangolin)
Pangolins were formerly classified with various other orders of ant-eating mammals, most notably Xenarthra, which includes the true anteaters, sloths, and the armadillos which pangolins superficially resemble.
Tourism Observer
No comments:
Post a Comment