TANZANIA: Chimpanzee Mother Seen Caring For Severely Disabled Baby

In Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, a team of Japanese scientists observed a mother chimpanzee taking care of her severely disabled baby in the wild. This is the first detailed report of its kind, which looks at how a wild female chimpanzee responds to her disabled infant, researchers write in a recent paper published in the journal Primates.

Nicknamed XT11 by the researchers, the disabled baby was born to 36 years old Christina (nicknamed XT) in January 2011.

XT11 had numerous disabilities similar to those reported for a captive chimpanzee with Down-like syndrome. Researchers observed that her eyes looked empty and her mouth was often half open. She had a lump on her belly, which the team speculates could be due to abdominal hernia. She also had an extra finger on her left hand, and a bald patch on her back.

Behaviorally, XT11 was less active than typical infants of her age, the authors write. While healthy infants can sit up by six months, the team reports that XT11 could do so only after her twentieth month. The researchers also never observed XT11 walking or feeding on plants on her own. She remained dependent on her mother’s milk for much longer than chimps of her age typically are.

Given these severe abnormalities, XT11 managed to survive until she was nearly two years old. This was largely due to her mother’s care, the authors believe.

XT11’s mother, XT, would carry her all day long, both while walking and while climbing trees, although it disturbed her own feeding.

“XT had to carry XT11 ventrally all the time, support her with a hand and walk tripedally, support her posture on trees, place her on her breast before suckling, and put her on the ground while grooming,” the authors write. “Without this kind of unusual and flexible maternal care, XT11 might not have survived for her entire 23 months in the wild.”

Sometimes, XT11’s elder sister, XP, stepped in to help by handling, carrying, grooming and playing with XT11. But XP stopped once she had her own children.

Moreover, chimpanzees usually allow non-relatives to care for their babies. However, XT did not allow non-relatives to take care of XT11.

“As there was no evidence that other individuals showed any aversion to or fear of the disabled infant, XT’s intolerance might have been due to understanding that her infant required unusual extra care and that letting others carry the infant was unsafe,” the authors write.

XT11 died in December 2012. While the cause of her death is unknown, the researchers speculate that one reason could be her poor diet.

TANZANIA: Explore Lake Tanganyika

Lake Tanganyika is shared between the four diverse countries Tanzania, Burundi, DR Congo and Zambia. The enormous lake offers unique sports fishing, wildlife, swims, vibrant African villages and cities and a fairytale colonial ferry.
Lake Tanganyika is not just any lake. It is the longest fresh water lake in the world - 677 kilometres long - and the second deepest after lake Baikal in Russia, reaching a depth of 1,433 metres. Being extremely old and isolated, it hosts over 300 endemic fish species.

Its mere size makes it a small universe of its own, providing the traveller with large cultural and natural variety. Exploring the shores of Lake Tanganyika is a pleasant experience that can take a lifetime.

However, the legendary old ferry MV Liemba does not take a lifetime. Once a week, this boat stemming from German colonial times still cruises up and down the lake. The Liemba, known as Graf von Götzen until 1917, definitively is the best way to travel on Lake Tanganyika.

The ferry, operational since 1913, was made world famous by its role in the 1951 film "African Queen", was carefully sunk by its German crew in 1917 to prevent it from falling into British enemy hands. It was lifted again in 1924, put into traffic in 1927 and overhauled in 1970 and 1993. Read more about the fascinating story of the Liemba and its current state here.

Kigoma, Tanzania
The somewhat run-down ferry has its main base in Kigoma, the main Tanzanian city on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and a regional centre. The bustling town is a charming destination by itself, surrounded by rugged mountains and lush forests.

Accommodation,including the Tanganyika Beach Hotel, and good food is available and, where crowded, you can swim in the lake. However only go swimming where the locals go, as they know where there are no crocodiles. If you have time, you may want to use it to organise a sports fishing trip into the lake.

Kigoma is connected to Dar-es-Salaam by rail and air, making it one of the easiest places to start your Lake Tanganyika journey. It is also close to several other "secret" Tanzanian destinations, including chimpanzee safaris in both Gombe Stream National Park - made world famous by Jane Goodall - and Mahale Mountains National Park.

The Gombe park, also bordering Lake Tanganyika north of Kigoma, is an absolute highlight. It can be reached by lake taxis or chartered boats from Kigoma. Here, small groups are guided through the mountainous forests in search of chimpanzee families and other primates. Views are spectacular and the park also is perfect for hiking and swimming. Accommodation is available.

On the MV Liemba
Back to Kigoma, the MV Liemba currently heads south towards Mpulungu in Zambia every Wednesday afternoon, but timetables are often changing. There are 1st, 2nd and 3rd class cabins, all at a reasonable price.

Between Kigoma and Mpulungu, the MV Liemba stops at 19 small Tanzanian towns, most of which do not have a quay. Small boats gather at the ferry's side, serving as taxi boats for passengers and goods for and bringing food and drink sellers onboard the ferry.

Time on the Liemba is spent gazing at the views, relaxing with a good book, chatting with local travellers or in the bar and restaurant. To get access to the latter, you need a first class ticket. Here, beers and soft drinks are cold and food is tasty but the menu is limited.

Mpulungu, Zambia's only port, is worth a short stay. The fishermen town offers fresh lake delicacies, and Mpulungu is a good destination to arrange sports fishing trips into the lake. Catches include Goliath tigerfish, Nile perch and many of the lake's endemic fish species.

The Zambian town also offers one of the best opportunities to take a swim in Lake Tanganyika. Most of the shores are unsafe because of crocodiles, but noisy and trafficked Mpulungu is considered safe from both reptiles and the bilharzia parasite disease (all of Lake Tanganyika is bilharzia-free). Bathing temperatures are heavenly and the water is lovely.

Mpulungu also has a long and tiring road connection to Lusaka and the rest of Zambia and Southern Africa. The region south of Mpulungu boasts of several national parks and game reserves, well equipped with tourist lodges and safari guides.

Burundi and DR Congo

From Kigoma, there is also a passenger ferry to Bujumbura, the capital of Burundi. The daily MV Mwongozo uses about 14 hours on the trip, but services are suspended from time to time. Also this ferry has three classes, all reasonably priced, with the first class including private cabins providing for quite a pleasant trip.

Here, in the northern part of Lake Tanganyika, landscapes are greener and more rugged that in the south. Actually, most agree it is the most beautiful part of the lake, with Burundi and eastern Congo being very interesting travel destinations.

It therefore is a petty that security issues leave you best advised to avoid both Bujumbura and the western, Congolese shore of Lake Tanganyika. Both countries are theoretically consolidating peace, but there may be very sudden rushes of uncontrolled violence in Burundi - including the capital - and all of eastern DR Congo.

Going there anyway, you must be very well oriented about current political risks and you should have local contacts that can provide you with information and protection in case anything happens.

On the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika, in Tanzania and Zambia, you should not meet any such problems. Here, you can be on a total holiday mode, fully exploiting the riches of this great lake.