South Africa can be generalised as:
- Cookery practised by indigenous people of Africa such as the Sotho- and Nguni-speaking people.
- Cookery that emerged from several waves of colonisation and immigration introduced during the colonial period by white European people of Dutch (since 1652), German, French, Italian, Greek and British (since 1805~1820) descent and their Indo-Asian slaves or servants – this includes the cuisine of the so-called Cape Malay people, which has many characteristics of Indonesia and cooking styles from neighbouring colonial cultures such as Portuguese Mozambique.
In the precolonial period, indigenous cuisine was characterised by the use of a very wide range of foods including fruits, nuts, bulbs, leaves and other products gathered from wild plants and by the hunting of wild game. The introduction of domestic cattle and grain crops by Bantu speakers who arrived in the southern regions from central Africa since 10,000 BC and the spread of cattle keeping to Khoisan groups enabled products and the availability of fresh meat on demand.
The pre-colonial diet consisted primarily of cooked grains, especially sorghum, fermented milk,somewhat like yogurt and roasted or stewed meat. At some point, maize replaced sorghum as the primary grain, and there is some dispute as to whether maize, a Central American crop, arrived with European settlers notably the Portuguese or spread through Africa before white settlement via Africans returning from the Americas during the era of the slave trade.
People also kept sheep and goats, and communities often organised vast hunts for the abundant game; but beef was considered the absolutely most important and high status meat. The ribs of any cattle that were slaughtered in many communities were so prized that they were offered to the chief of the village.
In many ways, the daily food of South African families can be traced to the indigenous foods that their ancestors ate. A typical meal in a South African family household that is Bantu-speaking is a stiff, fluffy porridge of maize meal called "pap," and very similar to American grits with a flavourful stewed meat gravy. Traditional rural families and many urban ones often ferment their pap for a few days especially if it is sorghum instead of maize which gives it a tangy flavor. The Sotho-Tswana call this fermented pap, ting.
The vegetable is often some sort of pumpkin, varieties of which are indigenous to South Africa, although now many people eat pumpkins that originated in other countries. Rice and beans are also very popular even though they are not indigenous. Another common vegetable dish, which arrived in South Africa with its many Irish immigrants, but which has been adopted by South Africans, is shredded cabbage and white potatoes cooked with butter.
For many South Africans meat is the centre of any meal. The Khoisan ate roasted meat, and they also dried meat for later use. The influence of their diet is reflected in the common Southern African love of barbecue generally called in South Africa by its Afrikaans name, a braai and biltong,dried preserved meat.
As in the past, when men kept cattle as their prized possession in the rural areas, South Africans have a preference for beef. Today, South Africans enjoy not only beef, but mutton, goat, chicken and other meats as a centrepiece of a meal. On weekends, many South African families have a braai, and the meal usually consists of pap and vleis, which is maize meal and grilled meat.
Eating meat even has a ritual significance in both traditional and modern South African culture. In Bantu culture, for weddings, initiations, the arrival of family members after a long trip and other special occasions, families will buy a live animal and slaughter it at home, and then prepare a large meal for the community or neighbourhood. Participants often say that spilling the blood of the animal on the ground pleases the ancestors who invisibly gather around the carcass.
On holiday weekends, entrepreneurs will set up pens of live animals along the main roads of townships—mostly sheep and goats—for families to purchase, slaughter, cook and eat. Beef being the most prized meat, for weddings, affluent families often purchase a live steer for slaughter at home. Vegetarianism is generally met with puzzlement among Black South Africans, although most meals are served with vegetables such as pumpkin, beans and cabbage.
During the pioneering days of the 17th century, new foods such as biltong, droëwors,,dried sausage and rusks evolved locally out of necessity.
Bobotie is a South African dish that has Cape Malay origins. It consists of spiced minced meat baked with an egg-based topping. Of the many dishes common to South Africa, bobotie is perhaps closest to being the national dish, because it isn't commonly found in any other country. The recipe originates from the Dutch East India Company colonies in Batavia, with the name derived from the Indonesian bobotok. It is also made with curry powder leaving it with a slight tang. It is often served with sambal, a hint of its origins from the Malay Archipelago.
French Huguenot refugees from persecution, brought wines as well as their traditional recipes from France.
Curried dishes are popular with lemon juice in South Africa among people of all ethnic origins; many dishes came to the country with the thousands of Indian labourers brought to South Africa in the nineteenth century. The Indians have introduced a different line of culinary practices, including a variety of sweets, chutneys, fried snacks such as samosa, and other savoury foods. Bunny chow, a dish from Durban which has a large Indian community consisting of a hollowed-out loaf of bread filled with curry, has adapted into mainstream South African cuisine and has become quite popular.
Beer has been an important beverage in South Africa for hundreds of years among indigenous people long before colonisation and the arrival of Europeans with their own beer drinking traditions. Traditional beer was brewed from local grains, especially sorghum. Beer was so prized that it became central to many ceremonies, like betrothals and weddings, in which one family ceremoniously offered beer to the other family.
Unlike European beer, South African traditional beer was unfiltered and cloudy and had a low alcohol content. Around the turn of the centuries, when white owned industry began studying malnutrition among urban workers, it was discovered that traditional beer provided crucial vitamins sometimes not available in the grain heavy traditional diet and even less available in urban industrial slums.
When South Africa's mines were developed and Black South Africans began to urbanise, women moved to the city also, and began to brew beer for the predominantly male labour force, a labour force that was mostly either single or who had left their wives back in the rural areas under the migrant labour system.
That tradition of urban women making beer for the labour force persists in South Africa to the extent that informal bars and taverns or shebeens are typically owned by women or shebeen queens. Today, most urban dwellers buy beer manufactured by industrial breweries that make beer that is like beer one would buy in Europe and America, but rural people and recent immigrants to the city still enjoy the cloudy, unfiltered traditional beer.
Compared to an American, Korean or western European diet, milk and milk products are very prominent in the traditional Black South African diet. As cows were considered extremely desirable domestic animals in precolonial times, milk was abundant. In the absence of refrigeration, various kinds of soured milk, somewhat like yogurt, were a dietary mainstay. A visitor to any African village in the 1800s would have been offered a large calabash of cool fermented milk as a greeting.
South Africa can be said to have a significant eating out culture. While there are some restaurants that specialise in traditional South African dishes or modern interpretations thereof, restaurants featuring other cuisines such as Moroccan, Chinese, West African, Congolese, and Japanese can be found in all of the major cities and many of the larger towns. There are also many home-grown chain restaurants, such as Spur and Dulce Cafe.
There is also a proliferation of fast food restaurants in South Africa. While some international players such as Kentucky Fried Chicken and Wimpy are active in the country, they face stiff competition from local chains such as Nando's, Galito's, Steers, Chicken Licken, Barcelos, and King Pie. Many of the restaurant chains originating from South Africa have also expanded successfully outside the borders of the country.
Original Traditional South African Foods
- Amasi, fermented milk
- Biltong, a salty dried meat (similar to jerky), although the meat used is often from different types of Antelope or other venison.
Biryani
- Bobotie, a dish of Malay descent, is like meatloaf with raisins and with baked egg on top, and is often served with yellow rice, sambals, coconut, banana slices, and chutney.
- Boeber, is a traditional Cape Malay sweet, milk drink, made with vermicelli, sago, sugar, and flavoured with cardamom, stick cinnamon and rose water.
- Boerewors, a sausage that is traditionally braaied (barbecued).
- Bunny chow, curry stuffed into a hollowed-out loaf of bread. A bunny chow is called Kota by the locals.
- Chakalaka, a spicy South African vegetable relish.
- Chutney, or blatjang, a sweet sauce made from fruit that is usually poured on meat.
- Frikkadelle – meatballs
- Gatsby, food mainly popular in Cape Town, comes in the form of a long roll with fillings of anything ranging from polony to chicken or steak and hot chips.
- Gesmoorde vis, salted cod or snoek with potatoes and tomatoes and sometimes served with apricot or moskonfyt (grape must) jam.
- Hoenderpastei, chicken pie, traditional Afrikaans fare.
- Isidudu, pumpkin pap
- Kaiings, a chewy traditional Boer delicacy often served as a topping over "pap". Kaiings are made from small cubes of pork in a cast iron pot over a slow fire and are the leftover pieces of pork after extracting the pork fat. Kaiings partly resembles pork cracklings. The skin is not as puffy and crispy as a crackling, and a small piece of meat is usually left on the skin and fat.
- Koeksisters come in two forms and are a sweet delicacy. Afrikaans koeksisters are twisted pastries, deep-fried and heavily sweetened. Koeksisters found on the Cape Flats are sweet and spicy, shaped like large eggs, and deep-fried.
- Kota, Skhambana,a quarter of a loaf of bread usually stuffed with Atchar, russians and chips.
- Mafi sour milk, often consumed with pap or drank alone
- Mageu, a drink made from fermented mealie pap.
- Mala Mogodu, a local dish equivalent of tripe. The locals usually enjoy mala mogodu with hot pap and spinach
Malva pudding, a sweet spongy apricot pudding of Dutch origin.
- Marog. A spinach like wild plant often seen by the casual observer as a weed of sorts. Traditionally boiled and served with pap. Sometimes dried in small lumps for extended shelf life. The traditional Afrikaner/Boer preparation usually incorporates either onion or potato or both.
- Mashonzha, made from the mopane worm.
- Melktert (milk tart), a milk-based tart or dessert.
- Melkkos (milk food), another milk-based dessert. Traditionally served as a standalone dish for supper and for lunch in some instances.
- Mealie-bread, a sweet bread baked with sweetcorn.
- Mielie-meal, one of the staple foods, often used in baking but predominantly cooked into pap or phutu.
- Monkey gland sauce
- Ostrich is an increasingly popular protein source as it has a low cholesterol content; it is either used in a stew or filleted and grilled.
- Pampoenkoekies (pumpkin fritters), flour has been supplemented with or replaced by pumpkin. Some variants of the "Pampoenkoekie" are, among other, the "Patatkoekie" Sweet potato fritter, "Aartappelkoekie" potato fritter, "ryskoekie" rice fritter, etc., where the pumpkin is replaced with either sweet potato or potato or rice. The name of the fritter being derived from the vegetable being used.
- Potbrood (pot bread or boerbrood), savoury bread baked over coals in cast-iron pots.
- Potjiekos, a traditional Afrikaans stew, made with meat and vegetables and cooked over coals in cast-iron pots.
- Rusks, a rectangular, hard, dry biscuit eaten after being dunked in tea or coffee; they are either home-baked or shop-bought,with the most popular brand being Ouma Rusks.
- Samosa, or samoosa, is a savoury stuffed Indian pastry that is deep fried.
- Samp and beans
- Skilpadjies, lamb's liver wrapped in netvet and braaied over hot coals.
- Smagwinya, fat cakes
- Smoked or braai'ed snoek, a regional gamefish.
- Sosatie, kebab, grilled marinated meat on a skewer.
- Tomato bredie, a lamb and tomato stew.
- Trotters and Beans, from the Cape, made from boiled pig's or sheep's trotters and onions and beans.
- Umngqusho, a dish made from white maize and sugar beans, a staple food for the Xhosa people.
- Umphokoqo, an African salad made of maize meal.
- Umqombothi, a type of beer made from fermented maize and sorghum.
- Umvubo, sour milk mixed with dry pap, commonly eaten by the Xhosa.
- Vetkoek (fat cake, magwenya), deep-fried dough balls, typically stuffed with meat or served with snoek fish or jam.
- Walkie Talkies, grilled or deep-fried chicken heads and feet, most popular in townships and sold by street vendors, sometimes in industrial areas with high concentrations of workers.
- Waterblommetjie bredie (water flower stew), meat stewed with the flower of the Cape Pondweed.
Amarula
It has had some success at international spirit ratings competitions, winning a gold medal at the 2006 San Francisco World Spirits Competition.
Amarula was first marketed by Southern Liqueur Company of South Africa,the current trademark owners and wholly owned subsidiary of Distell Group Limited as a liqueur in September 1989, the Amarula spirit having been launched in 1983.It has the taste of slightly fruity caramel.
Amarula has had particular success in Brazil. Recently, Amarula has attempted to break into the American market.
Elephants enjoy eating the fruit of the marula tree. Because of the marula tree's association with elephants, the distiller has made them its symbol and supports elephant conservation efforts, co-funding the Amarula Elephant Research Programme at the University of Natal, Durban.
For marketing efforts it produces elephant-themed collectible items.
Drink, Enjoy Amarula
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